Ara glaucogularis

​

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Psittaciformes

Family: Psittacidae

Genus: Ara

Species: glaucogularis

​

"Ara" is from a Tupi Indian word for macaw;  "glauco" is Latin for greyish-blue or green;  and "gularis" is Latin for throat. 

A Critically Endangered Species 

Recent estimates suggest 420 – 480 mature adults remain in the wild. The population trend has changed from "declining" to "stable" due, in part, to successful conservation programs such as the Nido Adoptivo artificial nest box program - 128  chicks have fledged since the project started in 2007. 

​

The illegal pet trade decimated the population of BTM when wild birds were caught and sold as pets. An estimated 1,200 or more wild-caught birds were exported from Bolivia during the 1980s, suggesting that the population was formerly much higher. This threat has been reduced thanks to stricter laws including the U.S. Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992 and Europe's 2007 ban on the import of wild birds. In addition, in 1984, the Bolivian government enacted a law banning live export of parrots. Although the threat of illegal trade in BTMs has now largely ceased, the wild population has not fully recovered, largely due to shrinking habitat and lack of suitable breeding places.

Endemic Species

​

Blue-throated Macaws live only in one very specific, and relatively inaccessible, ecoregion – the Beni Savanna in north-central Bolivia. The Beni is an expansive tropical grassland dotted with palm-dominated “forest islands”and characterized by seasonal patterns of flooding and a severe dry season. On these slightly raised forest islands, the BTM roost, nest, and feed on motacú palm and other fruits. 

​

Blue-throated Macaws make their nests in hollowed-out cavities in large trees, preferably mature motacú palms, which have become sparse due to land use practices. BTMs must compete for these cavities with other species, including toucans, the more abundant and widely distributed blue-and-yellow macaws, and even honeybees.

Recognizing that habitat loss is the current largest threat to Blue-throated Macaw populations, Armonía set out to acquire land and now successfully protects two significant areas for the BTM: the Barba Azúl Nature Reserve and the Laney Rickman Blue-throated Macaw Reserve. Protecting land from development is the best way to save ecosystems – it safeguards all the interdependent animals and plants that need each other to survive. These two reserves are the only safe havens in the world for these endangered macaws.

Native Bolivian tribes make ceremonial headdresses which were traditionally made from colorful bird feathers including from Blue-throated Macaws. In 2003, Armonía launched impactful education programs to promote national pride about the endemic macaw. Their alternative feather project has resulted in a dramatic decrease in real feather usage. Many native people now substitute BTM feathers with alternative feathers made from cotton cloth and palm spine.

The BTM has become the symbol of the region. In 2015, the Bolivian government designated the Blue-throated Macaw a National Heritage Species. It is now considered taboo to kill or capture Blue-throated Macaws. 

Cattle ranching is the main industry in much of the Blue-throated Macaw range. Over 150 years of cattle ranching in the Beni Savanna has cleared most of the large trees, reducing the availability of suitable nest areas for the BTM. Besides cutting down trees for firewood and building materials, sometimes ranchers burn the savanna to produce better grass for grazing. Uncontrolled fires threaten macaw nests and prevent new trees from growing. In addition, cattle often chew young palms to the ground. Currently, most of the motacú palm trees on the forest islands are about 80 years old, with few younger trees to replace them.  

Striking a balance between conservation and sustainable livestock management is key to the long-term survival of the Blue-throated Macaw. In 2016, Asociación Armonía hosted the first conference on Sustainable Cattle Ranching in the Bolivian Lowlands; this conference brought together ranchers, local stakeholders, and international conservation experts to strategize sustainable beef production as a winning formula both for the local economy and the fragile ecosystem.  

Blue-throated Macaws are highly adapted to eat fruit from large palms, most commonly the Attalea phalerata, or motacú palm, as well as the Acrocomia aculeata and Mauritia fleuxosa.

Locally, the BTM is called paraba  barba azul, "blue-bearded macaw." Its namesake blue throat distinguishes the bird from the more common Blue-and-yellow Macaw, which is easily recognized by black feathers on its throat.

Until the 1980s and 1990s, there was significant dispute over the identification of the BTM species. In early descriptions of the species, it was incorrectly thought that preserved specimens of the BTM  might be the juvenile form of Ara ararauna, the Blue-and-yellow Macaw. The two species have overlapping habitat ranges. Once recognized as a unique species, the specimens were later reclassified  Ara glaucogularis, the Blue-throated Macaw.   

The success of the BTM in the wild is tightly coupled with the availability of motacu palm trees. Not only do cavities in mature motacu palms provide natural nesting habitat, but the fruit of this important tree is a major component of the BTM diet. 

Blue-throated Macaws can be seen in the palm islands at Asociación Armonía’s Barba Azul Reserve in northern Bolivia where the Beni savanna meets the foot of the Amazon River basin. The reserve is a safe haven for the critically endangered Blue-throated Macaw as well as a wealth of other threatened birds and mammals such as Pampa Deer, Giant Anteater, and Maned Wolf. Ecotourism is a component of the long-term sustainability plan for the BTM conservation.

The wild Blue-throated Macaw breeding season occurs during the rainy season, October-March. Typically BTMs nest in the empty cavities of large, mature palm trees, and females lay a clutch of two to three eggs. Chicks hatch after about four weeks and fledge after three months. After fledging, BTMs are dependent on their parents for up to a year and become sexually mature after about five years.

​

Specimens of  Blue-throated Macaws had been seen in museum collections for over a century, but without complete provenance records. Location of the wild population was not known to science until the 1990s. Listed as "endangered" in 1992, the BTM status was elevated to "critically endangered" in 2000.  

Although once believed to be widespread, in 2007 the population was estimated to number 250-300 individuals. Protection measures have helped boost the wild population to an estimated 400 - 450 mature individuals. Since 2007, the successful Nido AdoptivoTM nest box project has resulted in 105 BTM hatchlings that have fledged from the nest boxes. Two distinct subpopulations of the BTM have been identified.